18th century Gorkha principality began a campaign conquer &unify fractured kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley 1768 successfully unified Kingdom of Nepal

Anglo-Nepal War (1814–1816): Expanding territorial ambitions led to a war with the British East India Company. Though defeated,

Hereditary Rule: Following a period of internal massacres and political instability, military leader Jang Bahadur Kunwar seized power, Rana prime

The monarchs were reduced to figureheads while Ranas ruled with authority adopting an isolationist policy that protected Nepal from British annexation